Dietary phytochemicals exert biological effects primarily through modulation of endogenous stress-response pathways rather than direct antioxidant scavenging in vivo. These compounds activate conserved cellular defense systems including Nrf2-mediated transcription, AMPK signaling, and endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, influencing redox balance, mitochondrial efficiency, and inflammatory tone.

In contrast to chronic metabolic stressors — such as sustained elevations in ApoB-containing lipoproteins or persistent hyperinsulinemia — phytochemical exposure represents a transient hormetic stimulus. This distinction is critical in longevity science, as chronic metabolic load drives endothelial dysfunction and plaque progression, whereas adaptive signaling enhances resilience.

Plant based diet is effective in promoting a diverse ecosystem of beneficial bacteria to support both the human gut microbiome and overall health.

People’s motivation to eat healthy food is weakened by the fact that physical health benefits are not always felt immediately, but well-being improvements from increased consumption of fruit and vegetables are closer to immediate.

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